Welcome to WEBCO Machine Tool

WEBCO Machine Tool is a manufacturer of high-production machine tools. High production Drilling, Tapping, Rotary Transfer and Special Purpose Machines.

Since 1976, we have been designing and building dedicated machine tools for the automotive and other high-production markets. In doing so, we have become proficient with many types of components such as drilling units, tapping units, index tables, slide units and boring spindles as well as the control components for this type of tooling.

Drilling and Tapping:

• Drilling Machines: Single and multiple spindle drilling machines, vertical and horizontal, standard and special pourpose, for production applications.
  • Pneumatic Feed Drilling Machines: Standard or special Drilling Machines fed by pneumatic pressure with the spindle feed rate controlled by either a pneumatic flow valve control or a hydraulic velocity control (adjustable or self-compensating) industrial shock absorber).
  • Hydraulic Feed Drilling Machines: Standard or special Drilling Machines fed by hydraulic pressure with the spindle feed rate controlled by a hydraulic flow control valve.
  • Mechanical Feed Drilling Machines: Standard or special Drilling Machines fed mechanically (feed cam or ballscrew) with the spindle feed rate controlled by either a cam path or ballscrew controlled by a servomechanism.
  • Multi-Function Drilling Machines: Special designed and built machines that either drill multiple holes (from different directions) simultaneously, or perform multiple operations (drilling, tapping, reaming, counterboring, etc.) to the same hole or set of holes by the use of a shuttle or rotary index table.
• Tapping Machines: Single and multiple spindle tapping machines, vertical and horizontal, standard and special pourpose, for production applications.
  • Pneumatic Feed Tapping Machines: Tapping machines fed by pneumatic pressure with the spindle feed rate controlled by either a pneumatic flow valve control or a hydraulic velocity control (adjustable or self-compensating) industrial shock absorber). Feed rate is aproximated by these controls and they are normally used in conjunction with a tension or compression tap holder to compensate for any error in actual feed rate to tap pitch.
  • Leadscrew Feed Tapping Machines: Tapping machines fed by a leadscrew directly attached to the spindle shaft. The leadscrew pitch is intended to match the pitch of the tap in the tool holder exactly. These tapping machine are the definition of rigid tapping.
  • Multi-Way Tapping Machines: Special designed and built machines that tap multiple holes (from different directions) simultaneously.
  • High Capacity Tapping Machines: Standard or Special designed and built Tapping machines with capacities above 2 inch NPT and up to 10 inch NPT or larger.
  • Multi-Operation Drilling/Tapping Machines: Special designed and built machines that drill and tap multiple holes (from different directions) simultaneously, or perform multiple operations (drilling, tapping, reaming, counterboring, etc.) to the same hole or set of holes by the use of a shuttle or rotary index table.
• Rotary Transfer Machines: Multi-operation machines, drilling, tapping, reaming, boring, etc., special designed for very high production applications. Usually restricted to a single part or close family of parts. Also known as rotary index machines, dial machines or secondary operation machines.
  • Set to Master Machines: Set to Master machines are a basic type of rotary transfer machine. Developed primarily for pricing purposes, these machines are mechanically set to your specifications, ready for your work holding fixtures and controls. Choose one close to the configuration for your application, and add the cost of electrics and fixtures for a close estimate of ultimate machine cost.
    • Horizontal Set to Master Machines: Set to Master machines with horizontaly mounted units.
    • Vertical Set to Master Machines: Set to Master machines with verticaly mounted units.
    • Horizontal and Vertical Set to Master Machines: Set to Master machines with both, horizontal and verticaly mounted units.
• Special Purpose Machines: Machines designed and built for a specific purpose. For high porduction applications.

Machine Components: For use on rotary transfer machines, in-line transfer machines and special purpose machines. These machine components include Machining Units, i.e. Drilling Units, Tapping Units, Feed Slides and Spindles, Unit Attachments, i.e. Milling, Recessing Attachments and Multiple Spindle Heads, Index Tables, Work Holding Fixtures, Automation Components, Pumps and Conveyors.

• Machine Bases: Normalized, cast iron machine bases.
  • Rotary Index Machne Bases: A Rotary Index Machine Base is a horizontal base with an inner mounting surface for an index table or workholding fixture mounting surface and an outer unit mounting surface.
  • Center Column Machine Bases: A Center Column Machine Base allows unit mounting horizontally, vertically and angular. These are horizoizontal machines with intergral index tables.
  • Trunnion Machine Bases: A Trunnion Machine Base allows unit mounting from 3 positions; Left, Right and Vertical. These are vertical index tables. Meaning, the index table in on a vertical plane, and 2 of the units are on a horizontal plane, while the 3rd unit would be vertical. A trunnion, from Old French trognon, trunk is a cylindrical protrusion used as a mounting and/or pivoting point. In a cannon, the trunnions are two projections cast just forward of the centre of mass of the cannon and fixed to a two-wheeled movable gun carriage. As they allowed the muzzle to be raised and lowered easily, the integral casting of trunnions is seen by military historians as one of the most important advances in early field artillery.
  • Rectangular Machine Bases: Rectangular Machine Bases and Tables.
• Machining Units: For use on rotary transfer machines, in-line transfer machines and special purpose machines. These units include Drilling Uniits, Tapping Units, Units with attachments such as Milling and Recessing (Grooving) attachments, Slinde Units, Boring Spindles and Milling Spindles.
  • Drilling Units: For use on rotary transfer machines, in-line transfer machines and special purpose machines. These quill-feed drilling units produce thrust via Pneumatic Cylinder, Hydraulic Cylinder, Gear Ratio or Servo Motor.
    • Pneumatic Drilling Units: For use on rotary transfer machines, in-line transfer machines and special purpose machines. These quill-feed drilling units produce thrust via internal air cylinder. The feed rate is regulated by a hydraulic regulator. The spindle speed and torque are produced by either an electric or pneumatic motor. The spindle motor rpm and feed rate are controlled independently of each other.
    • Hydraulic Drilling Units: For use on rotary transfer machines, in-line transfer machines and special purpose machines. These quill-feed drilling units produce thrust via internal hydraulic pump or external hydraulic system. The feed rate is regulated by a hydraulic flow control valve. The spindle speed and torque are produced by an electric motor. The spindle motor rpm and feed rate are controlled independently of each other.
    • Mechanical Drilling Units: For use on rotary transfer machines, in-line transfer machines and special purpose machines. These quill-feed drilling units produce thrust via cam or ballscrew. The feed rate is also regulated by the cam or ballscrew. The spindle speed and torque are produced by an electric motor, which also controls the cam and ballscrew. Therefore, the spindle motor rpm and feed rate are mechanically interlocked to produce optimal chip load, ipr, instead of an approximation, ipm.
    • Servo Drilling Units: For use on rotary transfer machines, in-line transfer machines and special purpose machines. These quill-feed drilling units produce thrust via cam or ballscrew controlled by a servo motor and drive. The feed rate is also regulated by the cam or ballscrew controlled by the servo motor and drive. The spindle speed and torque are produced by a seperate AC electric motor, usually controlled by a variable frequency drive. Therefore, the spindle motor rpm and feed rate are controlled seperatly for maximum versitility.
  • Tapping Units: For use on rotary transfer machines, in-line transfer machines and special purpose machines. These quill-feed tapping units have controlled feed by either Lead Screw, Gear Ratio or Servo Motor.
    • Leadscrew Tapping Units: For use on rotary transfer machines, in-line transfer machines and special purpose machines. These quill-feed tapping units have feed controlled by leadscrew. A leadscrew, or lead screw, is a screw designed to translate turning motion into linear motion, with a pitch matching the tap. This type of feed control produces the exact same feed rate as the tool requires for maximum thread quality and longevity of tool. A change of leadscrew is required for each change of pitch in tool.
    • Mechanical Tapping Units: For use on rotary transfer machines, in-line transfer machines and special purpose machines. These quill-feed tapping units have feed controlled by a gear ratio. A gear ratio is a calculated number of the turning motion into linear motion, with a pitch approxmating the pitch of the tap. This type of feed control produces very nearly the feed rate as the tool requires for maximum thread quality and longevity of tool. A change of gears is required for every change of pitch in tool.
    • Servo Tapping Units: For use on rotary transfer machines, in-line transfer machines and special purpose machines. These quill-feed tapping units produce thrust via cam or ballscrew controlled by a servo motor and drive. The feed rate is also regulated by the cam or ballscrew controlled by the servo motor and drive. The spindle speed and torque are produced by a seperate AC electric motor, usually controlled by a variable frequency drive. Therefore, the spindle motor rpm and feed rate are controlled seperatly for maximum versitility.
  • Unit Attachments: An attachments is a mechanism mounted to a machining to give it an ancillary function. In other words, the attachment translates the rotation of the spindle into a different attitude or function.
    • Tapping Attachments: For use with drilling units or drill presses, the Self-Reversing Tapping Attachment eliminates the need to reverse the spindle motor while enabling the tap to be reversed and retracted.
    • Boring Attachments: A boring attachement, coupled with a quill-feed drilling unit, gives the spindle the rigidity of a feed slide and boring spindle in a compact package.
    • Milling Attachments: A milling attachement, coupled with a quill-feed drilling unit, gives the spindle side load rigidity (at 90 degrees) for standard milling and straddle-milling operations in a compact package.
    • Recessing (Grooving) Attachments: A recessing attachement, coupled with a quill-feed drilling unit, gives the spindle the ability to extend to a depth inside an existing hole, then, at 90 degrees, gradually extend a tool to make an internal groove or recess.
    • Speed Reducing Attachments: A reducing attachement, coupled with a quill-feed drilling unit, slows the spindle speed to a ratio, such as 4:1. By maintaining the nominal motor RPM (and HP), the additional torque can be multiplied by the ratio. For example, a large tap calls for very low spindle RPM, therefore, if the unit motor is running at nominal, the output torque is multiplied by the ratio (less the internal mechanics).
    • Multiple Spindle Heads: Multiple spindle heads are designed for use with most drilling machinery. Multiple spindle heads can, almost immediately, double or triple your drilling operations by simultaneously drilling countersinking, reaming or tapping two or more holes in one operation. Multi-spindle heads have proved to be the most versatile method to drill and/or tap close spaced holes.
  • Spindles: In machine tools, a spindle is a rotating axis of the machine, which often has a shaft at its heart. The shaft itself is called a spindle, but also, in shop-floor practice, the word often is used metonymically to refer to the entire rotary unit, including not only the shaft itself, but its bearings and anything attached to it (chuck, etc.).
    • Boring Spindles: Boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled or cast, by means of a single-point cutting tool or of a boring head containing several such tools, for example as in boring a cannon barrel. Boring is used to achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a tapered hole. Boring Spindles or Box Spindles gain their rigidity with two sets of bearings. One set near the tool and another at the back of the spindle. A drilling spindle has only one set of bearings on the tool end and a bushing at the back of the spindle. These spindles are typically driven by an external motor and belt drive.
    • Milling Spindles: In machine tools, a spindle is a rotating axis of the machine, which often has a shaft at its heart. The shaft itself is called a spindle, but also, in shop-floor practice, the word often is used metonymically to refer to the entire rotary unit, including not only the shaft itself, but its bearings and anything attached to it. A milling spindle is one that has a bearing arrangement to permit it to sustain a side load while machining as well as thrust for plunging.
    • Grinding Spindles: Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a grinding wheel as the cutting tool. It can produce very fine finishes and very accurate dimensions, yet in mass production contexts it can also rough out large volumes of metal quite rapidly.
  • Feed and Positioning Slide Units: A slide (to move in continuous contact with a surface) unit is a device used to achieve accurate linear motion with maximum thrust. All slides consist of a stationary Saddle (seat or track for a rider) and a movable Platten. The form of the Saddle determines the type of slide unit, while the way in which thrust is applied (screw or cylinder) can vary with all types.
    • Dovetail Slides: A Dovetail Slide has a Saddle and Platten that, together, form a dovetail joint. This joint is of a trapezoidal shape and is useful for its resistance to being pulled apart (tensile strength). Friction is decreased by the adjustment of a Gib, which is a wedge shaped object placed between the Saddle and Platten on the under surface of the doevtail.
    • Guide Bar Slides: A Guide Bar Slide has a Saddle consisting of a set of Guide Bars. Friction is decreased by a linear bushing or bearing.
    • Profile Rail Slides: A Profile Rail Slide has a Saddle of rails shaped in varius profiles to maintain rigidity. Rail is from the Latin regula, to rule or guide. Here the rail is guiding the platten in a linear motion while maintaining rigidity from non-axial forces or loads. The platten rides on a set of linear bearings, which decrease the friction in the system and allows faster rapid advance and retract speeds.
    • Box Way Slides: A Box Way Slide has a Saddle of Ways shaped as rectangles. A Way is a a straight rail or track on a machine tool on which part of the machine slides. The part that slides is called the Platten (sliding metal plate). On the platen, the tooling is mounted and, thus, can be advanced into the work and retracted. The platten and ways are in direct contact and friction is decreased by precision scraped and ground surfaces and constant lubrication. Since no bearings are employed, Box Way Slides can handle much greater mass and loads than the equivelent sized Profile Rail Slide.
• Unit Mounting Hardware: Unit mounting columns for vertical mounting and unit risers for horizontal height adjustment.
  • Unit Mounting Risers: Unit mounting risers for horizontal and vertical height adjustment of machining units.
  • Unit Mounting Columns: Columns for vertical mounting of machining units.
• Rotary Index Tables: Indexing in reference to motion is moving (or being moved) into a new position or location quickly and easily but also precisely. For our purposes, the motion in usually rotary. That is, indexing is the quick and easy, but precise, rotation of a machine part through a certain known number of degrees. According to the Machinery's Handbook (25th edition), Positioning a workpiece at a precise angle or interval of rotation for a machining operation is called indexing. Indexing is vital in mass production, where a well-defined cycle of motions must be repeated quickly, easily and precisely, for each interchangeable part that is made. Without indexing capability, all manufacturing would have to be done on a craft basis, and interchangeable parts would have very high unit cost because of the time and skill needed to produce each unit.
  • Geneva Index Tables: Accurate repeatability, 0.001 inch, very long life in production, moderately fast station to station, 1-2 sec, heavy duty, Up to 25,000 lb. table load capability, relatively very expensive. A Geneva Index Table employs Geneva motion through a Geneva Drive. The Geneva drive or Maltese cross is a gear mechanism that translates a continuous rotation into an intermittent rotary motion. The rotating drive wheel has a pin that reaches into a slot of the driven wheel advancing it by one step. The drive wheel also has a raised circular blocking disc that locks the driven wheel in position between steps. The name derives from the device's earliest application in mechanical watches, Switzerland and Geneva being an important center of watchmaking. The geneva drive is also commonly called a Maltese cross mechanism due to the visual resemblance. The axis of the drive wheel of the internal drive can have a bearing only on one side. The angle by which the drive wheel has to rotate to effect one step rotation of the driven wheel is always smaller than 180 degrees in an external Geneva drive and always greater than 180 degrees in an internal one, where the switch time is therefore greater than the time the driven wheel stands still.
  • Face Gear index Tables: Very accurate repeatability, 0.0001 inch, long life in production, moderately fast, moderate duty, up to 10,000 lb. table load capability, relatively expensive. Also know as Hirth Gear or Curvic Coupling Index Tables, these tables, either lifting or non-lifting, receive their index accuracy through the meshing of two face gears, that is, an upper and a lower. The upper gear is attached to the bottom of the index or fixture plate and the lower is non-moving. The rotary motion is normally achieved by the linear motion of a hydraulic cylinder. The length of travel of the piston in the hydraulic cylinder determines the number of stations or number of stops in 360 degrees.
  • Harmonic Index Tables: Accurate repeatability, 0.002 inch, long life in production, very fast station to station, 0.5 - 1 Sec, moderate duty, Up to 500 lb. table load capability, relatively inexpensive. Mechanical harmonic motion index with the rigidity of a smaller geneva design. This is the best value in index table types for smaller weight loads, under 500 lbs.
  • Hydraulic Index Tables: Accurate repeatability, 0.002 inch, long life in production, moderately fast station to station, 2-3 sec, heavy duty, Up to 8,000 lb. table load capability, relatively moderately expensive. Hydraulic rack-and-pinnion motion with shot-pin stop.
  • Pneumatic Index Tables: Semi-Accurate repeatability, 0.003 inch, moderate life in production, fast station to station, 0.5 - 1 sec, light duty, Up to 100 lb. table load capability, inexpensive. The least expensive index table design, the pneumatic index is usually a rack-and-pinnion cylinder turning an index plate and held in station by some form of shot-pin mechanism.
  • Cam Index Tables: Accurate repeatability, 0.003 inch, moderate life in production, super fast station to station, 0.001 - 1 sec, light duty, Up to 100 lb. table load capability, expensive. Also known as Barrel Cam Index Tables. These tables are driven by a cam and cam follower. They can be very fast and accurate or very rigid and relatively slow. Modern Cam Index Tables tend to be extremely fast, 20 indexes/sec, and used in conveyors, filling or painting applications.
  • Rotary Tables: A rotary table is a precision work positioning device used in metalworking. It enables the operator to drill or cut work at exact intervals around a fixed (usually horizontal or vertical) axis.
• Workholding: Workholding devices are fixed on index tables or directly to machine bases to securly hold and orient a part for production machining.
  • Fixtures: A fixture is a workholding or support device used in the manufacturing industry. What makes a fixture unique is that each one is built to fit a particular part or shape. The main purpose of a fixture is to locate and in some cases hold a workpiece during either a machining operation or some other industrial process. A jig differs from a fixture in that it guides the tool to its correct position in addition to locating and supporting the workpiece.
  • Chucks: A chuck is a specialized type of clamp used to hold an object, usually an object with radial symmetry, especially a cylindrical object. It is most commonly used to hold a rotating tool (such as the drill bit in a power tool) or a rotating workpiece (such as the bar or blank in the headstock spindle of a lathe). Some chucks can also hold irregularly shaped objects (ones that lack radial symmetry). In some applications, the tool or workpiece being held by the chuck remains stationary while another tool or workpiece rotates (for example, a drill bit in the tailstock spindle of a lathe, or a round workpiece being milled by a milling cutter).
  • Vises: A vise or vice is a mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or clamping a work piece to allow work to be performed on it with tools such as saws, planes, drills, mills, etc. Vises usually have one fixed jaw and another, parallel, jaw which is moved towards or away from the fixed jaw by the screw. An engineer's vise, also known as a metalworking bench vise or fitter's vise, is used in metalworking applications. The jaws are made of soft or hard metal. The vise is bolted onto the top surface of the bench with the face of the fixed jaws just forward of the front edge of the bench. The bench height should be such that the top of the vise jaws is at or just below the elbow height of the user when standing upright. The vise may include other features such as a small anvil on the back of its body.
  • Clamps: A clamp is a fastening device to hold or secure objects tightly together to prevent movement or separation through the application of inward pressure.
• Automation: Automation is the use of control systems and devices to reduce the need for human work in production. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well.
  • Grippers: A pneumatic gripper is a specific type of pneumatic actuator that typically involves either parallel or angular motion of surfaces that will grip an object. When combined with other pneumatic, electric, or hydraulic components, the gripper can be used as part of a pick and place system that will allow a component to be picked up and placed somewhere else as part of a manufacturing system.
  • Linear Actuators: A linear actuator is an actuator that, when driven by a non-linear motion, creates linear motion. They are actuated by; ball screws, acme screws, rack and pinion, chain and belt drives, cams and wedges, hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders and pizoelectric effects.
  • Rotary Actuators: A rotary actuator is an actuator that produces a rotary motion or torque. The simplest actuator is purely mechanical, where linear motion in one direction gives rise to rotation. The most common actuators though are electrically powered. Other actuators may be powered by pneumatic or hydraulic power, or may use energy stored internally through springs. The motion produced by an actuator may be either continuous rotation, as for an electric motor, or movement to a fixed angular position as for servos and stepper motors. A further form, the torque motor, does not necessarily produce any rotation but merely generates a precise torque which then either causes rotation, or is balanced by some opposing torque.
  • Tool Changers: Tool Changers are automation devices used on machine tools to automatically change tools in the spindle.
• Tool Holders: A Tool Holder is an adapter between a standard spindle and a standard tool shank. Therefore, a Tool Holder consist of a shank, which fits into a machine spindle, and a nose, which accepts a tool shank.
  • Grippers: A pneumatic gripper is a specific type of pneumatic actuator that typically involves either parallel or angular motion of surfaces that will grip an object. When combined with other pneumatic, electric, or hydraulic components, the gripper can be used as part of a pick and place system that will allow a component to be picked up and placed somewhere else as part of a manufacturing system.
  • Linear Actuators: A linear actuator is an actuator that, when driven by a non-linear motion, creates linear motion. They are actuated by; ball screws, acme screws, rack and pinion, chain and belt drives, cams and wedges, hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders and pizoelectric effects.
  • Rotary Actuators: A rotary actuator is an actuator that produces a rotary motion or torque. The simplest actuator is purely mechanical, where linear motion in one direction gives rise to rotation. The most common actuators though are electrically powered. Other actuators may be powered by pneumatic or hydraulic power, or may use energy stored internally through springs. The motion produced by an actuator may be either continuous rotation, as for an electric motor, or movement to a fixed angular position as for servos and stepper motors. A further form, the torque motor, does not necessarily produce any rotation but merely generates a precise torque which then either causes rotation, or is balanced by some opposing torque.
  • Tool Changers: Tool Changers are automation devices used on machine tools to automatically change tools in the spindle.

Motors and Transmissions: An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, usually through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors.

• Servo Motors: The Servomotor inputs the power into a servomechanism. A servomechanism, or servo, is an automatic device that uses error-sensing negative feedback to correct the performance of a mechanism. The term correctly applies only to systems where the feedback or error-correction signals help control mechanical position or other parameters.
• AC Motors: An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current. It commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating field. There are two main types of AC motors, depending on the type of rotor used. The first type is the induction motor, which only runs slightly slower or faster than the supply frequency. The magnetic field on the rotor of this motor is created by an induced current. The second type is the synchronous motor, which does not rely on induction and as a result, can rotate exactly at the supply frequency or a sub-multiple of the supply frequency. The magnetic field on the rotor is either generated by current delivered through slip rings or by a permanent magnet.
• DC Motors: A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current electricity. The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary permanent magnets, and rotating electrical magnets. Like all electric motors or generators, torque is produced by the principle of Lorentz force, which states that any current-carrying conductor placed within an external magnetic field experiences a torque or force known as Lorentz force. Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple control of motor speed. Synchronous DC motors, such as the brushless DC motor and the stepper motor, require external commutation to generate torque. They lock up if driven directly by DC power. However, BLDC motors are more similar to a synchronous ac motor.
• Transmissions and Speed Reducers: A transmission or gearbox provides speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device using gear ratios.

Pneumatics: Pneumatics is a branch of technology, which deals with the study and application of use of pressurized gas to effect mechanical motion. The gas most commonly employed in the devices on our pages is air. The compressed air is supplied by a centrally-located and electrically-powered compressor that powers cylinders and other pneumatic devices through solenoid valves.

• Pneumatic Valves: A pneumatic solenoid valve is a switch for routing air to any pneumatic device, usually an actuator, allowing a relatively small signal to control a large device. It is also the interface between electronic controllers and pneumatic systems.
• Air Preperation: Also known as FRL (Filters, Regulators, Lubricators) products, Air Preperation devices condition the incoming compressed air into a pneumatic system. That is, they filter the moisture, regulate the pressure and/or lubricate the air before proceeding to the valves, cylinders and motors that follow.
• Poppet Valves: A poppet valve (also called mushroom valve) is a valve consisting of a hole, usually round or oval, and a tapered plug, usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft also called a valve stem. The shaft guides the plug portion by sliding through a valve guide. In most applications a pressure differential helps to seal the valve and in some applications also open it. The word poppet shares etymology with puppet. It is from the Middle English word popet, meaning youth or doll. The use of the word poppet to describe a valve comes from the same word applied to marionettes, which, like the poppet valve, move bodily in response to remote motion transmitted linearly. In the past, puppet valve was a synonym for poppet valve; however, this usage of puppet is now obsolete.
• Pneumatic Cylinders: Pneumatic cylinders (sometimes known as air cylinders) are mechanical devices which utilize the power of compressed gas to produce a force in a reciprocating linear motion. Like hydraulic cylinders, pneumatic cylinders use the stored potential energy of a fluid, in this case compressed air, and convert it into kinetic energy as the air expands in an attempt to reach atmospheric pressure. This air expansion forces a piston to move in the desired direction. The piston is a disc or cylinder, and the piston rod transfers the force it develops to the object to be moved. Engineers prefer to use pneumatics sometime because they are quieter, cleaner, and do not require large amounts or space for fluid storage.
• Air Motors: A pneumatic motor is a machine which converts potential energy in the form of compressed air into mechanical work. Pneumatic motors generally convert the compressed air to mechanical work though either linear or rotary motion. Linear motion can come from either a diaphragm or piston actuator, while rotary motion is supplied by either a vane type air motor or piston air motor.

Hydraulics: Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties. In fluid power, hydraulics is used for the generation, control, and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids.

• Programmable Logic Controller Components: A programmable logic controller, or PLC,a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a hard real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.
  • Micro-PLCs: An extremely compact fixed PLC with block I/O.
  • PLC Modules: Processor/Controller, Input, Output, Expansion, Communication and Power Supply modules for chassis based and modular PLCs.
  • PLC Racks: The I/O base (also known as a Rack or Chassis), is used to hold the I/O modules in place and provide a termination point for the wiring. The bases may be mounted anywhere in the control enclosure; however, there are cable length and free space requirements that must be met. Some racks are sized to mount directly into a standard rack enclosure. The majority of bases mount horizontally to allow proper module cooling. (Instrument Engineers’ Handbook: Process control and optimization, By Bela G. Liptak, page 913)
  • Distributed I/O: A screw terminal is a type of electrical connector where a wire is clamped down to metal by a screw. The wire is sometimes just stripped off electrical insulation at the end, and is bent in a U or J shape to fit around the shaft of the screw.
• Motion and Motor Controls: Motion control is a sub-field of automation, in which the position and/or velocity of machines are controlled using some type of device such as a hydraulic pump, linear actuator, or an electric motor, generally a servo.
  • Micro-PLCs: An extremely compact fixed PLC with block I/O.
  • PLC Modules: Processor/Controller, Input, Output, Expansion, Communication and Power Supply modules for chassis based and modular PLCs.
  • PLC Racks: The I/O base (also known as a Rack or Chassis), is used to hold the I/O modules in place and provide a termination point for the wiring. The bases may be mounted anywhere in the control enclosure; however, there are cable length and free space requirements that must be met. Some racks are sized to mount directly into a standard rack enclosure. The majority of bases mount horizontally to allow proper module cooling. (Instrument Engineers’ Handbook: Process control and optimization, By Bela G. Liptak, page 913)
  • Distributed I/O: A screw terminal is a type of electrical connector where a wire is clamped down to metal by a screw. The wire is sometimes just stripped off electrical insulation at the end, and is bent in a U or J shape to fit around the shaft of the screw.
• Operator Interfaces and Controllers:
  • Micro-PLCs: An extremely compact fixed PLC with block I/O.
  • PLC Modules: Processor/Controller, Input, Output, Expansion, Communication and Power Supply modules for chassis based and modular PLCs.
  • PLC Racks: The I/O base (also known as a Rack or Chassis), is used to hold the I/O modules in place and provide a termination point for the wiring. The bases may be mounted anywhere in the control enclosure; however, there are cable length and free space requirements that must be met. Some racks are sized to mount directly into a standard rack enclosure. The majority of bases mount horizontally to allow proper module cooling. (Instrument Engineers’ Handbook: Process control and optimization, By Bela G. Liptak, page 913)
  • Distributed I/O: A screw terminal is a type of electrical connector where a wire is clamped down to metal by a screw. The wire is sometimes just stripped off electrical insulation at the end, and is bent in a U or J shape to fit around the shaft of the screw.
• Panel Hardware and Discrete Devices: Panel Hardware consists of all discrete components used in electrical panels and in the field. These components include; circuit protection components, gauges, meters, solenoids, contactors, starters, switches, sensors, timers, counters, transformers and boards.
  • Micro-PLCs: An extremely compact fixed PLC with block I/O.
  • PLC Modules: Processor/Controller, Input, Output, Expansion, Communication and Power Supply modules for chassis based and modular PLCs.
  • PLC Racks: The I/O base (also known as a Rack or Chassis), is used to hold the I/O modules in place and provide a termination point for the wiring. The bases may be mounted anywhere in the control enclosure; however, there are cable length and free space requirements that must be met. Some racks are sized to mount directly into a standard rack enclosure. The majority of bases mount horizontally to allow proper module cooling. (Instrument Engineers’ Handbook: Process control and optimization, By Bela G. Liptak, page 913)
  • Distributed I/O: A screw terminal is a type of electrical connector where a wire is clamped down to metal by a screw. The wire is sometimes just stripped off electrical insulation at the end, and is bent in a U or J shape to fit around the shaft of the screw.

Bearings and Ballscrews: A bearing is a device to allow constrained relative motion between two or more parts, typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings may be classified broadly according to the motions they allow and according to their principle of operation as well as by the directions of applied loads they can handle.

• Standard Precision Bearings: A bearing is a device to allow constrained relative motion between two or more parts, typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings may be classified broadly according to the motions they allow and according to their principle of operation as well as by the directions of applied loads they can handle.
• Needle Bearings: A needle roller bearing is a bearing which uses small cylindrical rollers. They are used to reduce friction of a rotating surface. Needle bearings have a large surface area that is in contact with the bearing outer surfaces compared to ball bearings. Additionally there is less added clearance (difference between the diameter of the shaft and the diameter of the bearing) so they are much more compact. The typical structure consists of an inner race (or sometimes merely a shaft), a needle cage which orients and contains the needle rollers, the needle rollers themselves, and an outer race.
• Cam Followers: A cam follower, also known as a track follower, is a specialized type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow cams. Cam followers come in a vast array of different configurations, however the most defining characteristic is how the cam follower mounts to its mating part; stud style cam followers use a stud while the yoke style has a hole through the middle.
• Pillow Blocks and Flanged Bearings: A pillow block, also known as a plummer block or bearing housing, is a pedestal used to provide support for a rotating shaft with the help of compatible bearings and various accessories. Housing material for a pillow block is typically made of cast iron or cast steel.
• Ballscrews: A Ball Screw translates rotational motion to linear motion with little friction. A threaded shaft provides a helical raceway for ball bearings which act as a precision screw. As well as being able to apply or withstand high thrust loads, they can do so with minimum internal friction. They are made to close tolerances and are therefore suitable for use in situations in which high precision is necessary. The ball assembly acts as the nut while the threaded shaft is the screw.

Electrical Components and Controls: PLC, motion control, switches and panel components for machine control.

• Programmable Logic Controller Components: A programmable logic controller, or PLC,a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a hard real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.
  • Micro-PLCs: An extremely compact fixed PLC with block I/O.
  • PLC Modules: Processor/Controller, Input, Output, Expansion, Communication and Power Supply modules for chassis based and modular PLCs.
  • PLC Racks: The I/O base (also known as a Rack or Chassis), is used to hold the I/O modules in place and provide a termination point for the wiring. The bases may be mounted anywhere in the control enclosure; however, there are cable length and free space requirements that must be met. Some racks are sized to mount directly into a standard rack enclosure. The majority of bases mount horizontally to allow proper module cooling. (Instrument Engineers’ Handbook: Process control and optimization, By Bela G. Liptak, page 913)

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